TYNGHENG, Samasi (Krem)

Herbert Daniel Gebauer - 06/01/2018

An allegedly west-facing cave entrance (on the cave plan it faces south-west), which is not only an estimated 20 m wide (Stead, J 2004.02.17 Mss) but also an estimated 10 m by 5 m large (Boycott, Antony 'Tony' undated 2004 Mss amendments to Stead, J 2004.02.17 Mss), functions as an insurgence and leads to a stream cave, which is generally horizontal and suspected to drain a catchment area (without known size) in a north-easterly direction for a linear distance of 5 km (or so) to Krem –>Dieng Jem, the resurgence, above the left (east, south) of the Kopili River. So far (March 2010), four distinct cave entrances have become known to gives access to Krem Tyngheng 25°24'32.3”N 92°33'26.9”E: 810 m asl Krem Siej 25°24'28.2”N 92°33'26.7”E: 810 m asl Krem Dieng Jem 25°25'41.7”N 92°34'41.9”E: perhaps 770 m asl Pala Pot 25°25'42”N 92°34'24”E: 881 m asl ETYMOLOGY: The standard Khasi -tyngheng- (adjective) is said to translate as agape, spell-bound as in -u shynreh u peit tyngeng ia ngi- (SINGH, N 1906: 238). On the other hand, agape has been translated not only as -dynghang, dynghong; kmang, dngong- (SINGH, N 1920: 12) but also as -ba ang- (BLAH, E 2007: 7) and spell-bound (BLAH, E 2007: 283). Obviously misinterpreting a show of pulling faces (mimic art), JARRATT (2004a, 2004b) was led to translate the cave name -Krem Tyngheng- (note 1) asa wide open mouth cave while Jayne Stead (2004.02.17 Mss) arrived at a Big cave / Cave which looks at you with big eyes? / Obvious cave? EVALUATION: A relatively large, horizontal river cave with 2 km of fine river passage (on average 8 to 10 m wide by 12 to 15 m high) with [a relatively] large high level / dry series beneath which lies complex wet rift maze series --ongoing. At the end of main river cave a climb enters more than 3 km of [relatively] large, abandoned river passage with many, ongoing leads (March 2006) (Brooks, S J 2006.02.25 Mss: Krem Tyngend). Sports cavers consider Krem Tyngheng at a first glance relatvely large, superb and delightful (JARRATT 2004a, 2004b) but at a closer look problematic and complex (JARRATT 2006) as it does not consist simply of one single and hence inspiring cave passage but represents a river cave with somewhat complex maze areas in addition to fossil passages (sic!) or, more likely, relic (note 2) upper level passages, which are abandoned by flowing water throughout the year. The complex structure of the cave challenges some cave mappers (note 3). SITUATION 2004: Jayne Stead (2004.02.17 Mss: Krem Tyngheng) had located the entrance to Krem Tyngheng at a walking distance of 15 minutes in an unidentified direction from an unspecified starting oint in the village of Sem Masi (note 4) and in a bizarre ridge facing North / South or, perhaps, running north-south if not -facing- both north and south and thus running east-west. SITUATION 2005: JARRATT, A R (2005) draws the attention of drunkards to having discovered that Krem Tyngheng [is] in the temperance zone of Semasi. SITUATION 2006: Hodgson (2006.02.26 map: Samassi Recci 2006) indicates Krem Tyngheng Approximation (without GPS position) at a spot which lies about 600 or 700 m in a direct line a little north of west from a village indicated as Bala (Pala) near 252434.6 / 0923416.8 and some 500 m north-west of (literally quoted) a Prominent Knoll with 2x apparent white grave stones & IX Standing Stone (unidentified GPS position). POSITION 2004: Krem Tyngheing (Sammasi) N25 24' 32.3- E092 33' 26.9- (+/-12m) (Brooks et al 2010.03.29 Mss: Survey summary.xls). APPROACH: Boycott, Antony 'Tony' (2004.02.28 Mss: Krem Hawliehkor) provides an apparently excellent description of how to get to the cave entrance, complete with fragments of GPS positions, which had been read unfortunately only at a selection of crucial waypoints. To retrace these directions, however, will be difficult because the GPS track follows a madly zigzagging route: Upon leaving the Samasi IB [N25°24'01.6”: E092°32°57.4” uidentified precision error, WGS84, A. Boycott 2004.02, GPS Garmin 12XL] turn left [note 5] on road past playing fields with church [unidentified GPS positions] on left [without direction]. At point N25° [without N-minutes, perhaps: 24'?] 11.0”: E092°33'00.8” turn right [note 6] along track past house [unidentified GPS positions]. Turn left [sic!] immediately down valley to Shaktiman track past house [unidentified GPS positions]. Turn right [without orientation] and follow ridge track [in an unspecified direction] to point N25°24'13.8”: E092°33'16.0” in clearing. Head down valley past paddy fields on right [sic!], turn right [sic! unidentified direction] at major path, past (N25°24'17.8”: E092°33'19.6”). At fork [unidentified GPS positions] turn left [sic!] downslope. Turn left [sic!] at cowshed [unidentified GPS positions] across paddy fields towards nearby hillock bearing 350° for 350 m. Cave entrance [of Krem –>Hawliehkor] is 6 m + 2 m hidden by vegetation. Walk clockwis around hillock to reach Krem Sapiang, Krem Siej and Krem Tyngheng. Boycott, Antony 'Tony' (2004 undated Mss amendment to: Jayne Stead 2004.02.17 Mss: Krem Tyngheng + other caves in Sem Masi Area) suggests to continue walking clockwise around hill to obvious sink reached by traverse across fallen tree trunk. CAVE DESCRIPTION 2004a: Horizontal -- 20 mtrs. wide entrance. Sink. Wide passage between 6-8m wide, 40ft. high, walking, boulders in passage that lead to a canal that was heading left (Stead, J 2004.02.17 Mss: Krem Tyngheng + other caves in Sem Masi Area). CAVE DESCRIPTION 2004b: Two kilometers of streamway and fossil [sic!] passages (Boycott, Tony [Antony], undated Mss amendment to Stead, J 2004.02.17 Mss: Krem Tyngheng …). CAVE DESCRIPTION 2004c: Krem Tyngheng yielding 3.75 kms of delightful and quite typical ‘Meghalaya style’ large river passage and dry fossil [sic!] passage (Brooks, S J2004.05.11 Mss). CAVE DESCRIPTION 2005: Krem Tyngheng est une grotte horizontale, présenant d’importants volumes, parcourue en certains endroits par une rivière (Oppliger 2010.07 Mss). CAVE DESCRIPTION 2006: Krem Tyngheng / Krem Tyngend entertains an … exceptionally complicated survey … where only frustratingly short legs could be measured due to the frequency of intersections. … Another problem with this system [sic! for: single entrance cave] is that every lead they tried to finish off results in more junctions and many more ways on (JARRATT 2006: 12). CAVE DESCRIPTION 2007: Ein kleiner Bach fließt in den Haupteingang hinein. …. Mit einem schnell gekappten Bambus wird noch ein hochliegender Seitengang in Eingangsnähe abgeklärt … Anfangs macht die Krem Tynghend ihrem Ruf als lockerem Trip ja noch alle Ehre: ein fußläufiger Bachgang mit knietiefem Wasser und anständigen Proportionen von etwa 5 x 5 Metern. Eine Stunde und einige Bade- oder (wahlweise) Klettereinlagen später ändert sich das Bild schon etwas: wir verlassen den Hauptgang und damit das Wasser über einen kniffigen Aufstieg. Die Stelle ist zwar nur 3 m hoch, bietet aber nahezu keine Griffe. Mit vereinten Kräften schieben wir Simon nach oben, der eine Strickleiter installiert. … Das hier abzweigende fossile obere Stockwerk beginnt mit schönen phreatischen Röhren und Kluftgängen, wird zunehmend labyrinthisch und nach einer Blockhalde auch deutlich verbrochen und versturzerfüllt. Bald schlufen wir wie in einer typischen Albhöhle ! Kein Wunder, dass in diesem Gebiet noch viele Fragezeichen offen sind. …wanken alle erneut in dieses auch als Trainingsstrecke und Hobbyraum geeignete Gebiet. Einteilung und Eindruck von gestern wiederholen sich, immerhin gibt es Gänge mit Bodenlehm, deren Bekriechung etwas knieschonender verläuft. Man wird ja anspruchslos. Immerhin können wir am Ende des Tages tatsächlich dieses Kapitel ad acta legen und den Höhlenteil abschließen. In einem mäjestätisch großen fossilen Gang mit 6 m hohen Häufen altem Fledermausguano umgehen wir die Schwimmstrecken im Bachgang – wie ir glauben. Am Gangende finden wir nach etwas Suchen tatsächlich den vermessenen Kletterabstieg durch Kluftspalten hinab zum Wasser und treffen auf ein Labyrinth, das die oberen fossilen Teile an Komplexität noch übertrifft. Es gibt 3-6 parallele Kluftgänge, die durch Querklüfte verbunden werden. Teilweise ist das Kluftnetz so dicht, dass nur noch Pfeiler zwischen den Gängen stehengeblieben sind. Die bis zu 5 m hohen Gänge wären eigentlich ganz komfortabel, sind aber zur Hälfte mit Wasser gefüllt, dessen Kälte recht schnell unangenehm wird … Ein Aufstieg in einen höherliegenden Raum und danach ein Abstieg durch Blockwerk zum Bach zurück erschließt unbekannte Gefilde. Auf einem Kiesstrand läuft man in einem weitgespannten Raum neben dem Bach her, auf dessen gegenüberliegender Seite sich wieder ein Kluftlabyrinth andeutet. An einer Krabbelstelle durch Blockwerk errichte ich einen Steinmann und kehre um. Diese Höhle hat noch viel Potential ! (Jantschke, H 2007 Mss: Fahrtenbericht Indien:Mittwoch 21.02.07 bis Freitag 23.02.07). CAVE DESCRIPTION 2008: Siegenthaler, R (2008 Mss 14.2.08, Donnerstag) noticed in Tynghem (sic!) a few nice and large river cave passages leading to the impressive relic Numulite Boulevard (Nummulite Boulevard) and via the slightly more dust dry -Bat Shit- and a crawl to a box-section passage to a 15 m climb down into an active part of the cave (an hour on foot from the entrance) consisting of a rectangular maze of wet passages, more often than not requiring swimming, but also containing funny little gour dams (note 7). Siegenthaler, R (2008 Mss 16.2.08, Samstag) noticed in Tynghem (sic!) a main passage soon getting bombastic, pompous or inflated, complete with swimming sections and beautiful gour dams where one can jump 2 m down from one pool to the next. Beyond some chambers and ducks a relic passage branched off which, after a large bypass, came back to the active main drag (note 8). CAVE DESCRIPTION 2010: As we know now after connection and hrough trip: it [i.e. Krem Diengjem or Krem –>Dieng Jem] is the same cave (Arbenz, T 2010.03.23 Mss: Re Deng Jem, Diengjem, Diengjen & Dienjem) as Krem Tyngheng. CAVE CONTENTS: Water colder than expected (15°C). Coal and black sandstone pebbles (Boycott, Tony [Antony] 2004 undated amendments to Stead 2004.02.17 Mss: Krem Tyngheng + other caves in Sem Masi Area). Sediments, breakdown (platy and angular), mud pavements, boulder chokes, gravel banks, fine sediments / silt, wet and dry (Brooks 2006.02.25 Mss: Krem Tyngend). TACKLE: 10 m handline or short ladder with belay is useful for 3 m climb into dry section at end of main river passage (Brooks, S J 2006.02.25 Mss: Krem Tyngend). HYDROGRAPHY: Little doubt remains that one and … the same creek comes down from Samasi, flows through Tyngeng [Krem –>Tyngheng] and Diengjem [Krem –>Dieng Jem], crosses the plain of Umkyrpong where it gets more water from different feeders, goes into Salang sink and vanishes in a sump only about 150 m short o the sump in Labit Kseh [Krem Labit, Kseh] (Arbenz, T 2010.03.23 Mss: Re Labit Kseh). 2015.02.06: Simon, Michal, Shabu and Vijay went to Krem Diengjem where they went to the side passages to the NW of the Entrance Canal. The water levels in cave were observed to be lower 2014. This could mean that there has been a dry winter or more worryingly the village is taking more water from the cave than it can supply (Anonymous [Arbenz T, Brooks S J et al.] 2015.04.03 Mss: Diary 2015.docx 5th February 2015 Thursday). SPELEOMETRY 2015: Rather Krem –>Tyngheng than Krem Diengjem inside which a total of 303 m of new passage was surveyed that takes the Tyngheng/Diengjem system to over 22kms [22 km] and maintains it at number 2 in the Indian Subcontinent Longest Cave list (Anonymous [Arbenz T, Brooks S J et al.] 2015.04.03 Mss: Diary 2015.docx). SPELEOMETRY 2014a: Rather Krem –>Tyngheng than Krem Diengjem [sic!] 21358.08 (Pre 2014) + 224.16 (Brooks S J 2/4/14) + 120.91 (Tamsa T 2/4/14) + 71.66 (Rockliff H 2/4/14) = 21774.91 Ongoing (Anonymous 2014.04.05 Expedition Survey Log 2014 (8-3-2014).xls). SPELEOMETRY 2014b: Krem Tyngheng / Diengjem 21775 m (Brooks, S J 2014.04.05 Mss Longest and Deepest (Table 2014).doc). SPELEOMETRY: According to the latest version of recorded survey data, the cave system combining Krem Tyngheng, Krem Siej (Samasi), Pala Pot (Boycott 2008) and Krem Dieng Jem, has a survey length of 20'570.02 m at a vertical range of ±119 m (+0 m / -119.02 m). SPELEOMETRY 2012a: Dev. 21,364.61 m, VR +33.11 m / -55.71 m (Arbenz, T 2012.01.09 undated cave plan: TynghengSystem2011.pdf). SPELEOMETRY 2012b: Length 21'250.64 m / vertical range 83.48 m (-42.68 / +40.80) (ARBENZ, T 2012: 109). SPELEOMETRY 2012c: 21,250 m (ARBENZ, T 2012: 17 table: Largest cave systems in Meghalaya: 3 Krem Tyngheng System). SPELEOMETRY 2011, relating to a selection of surveyed cave passages: Length 14’556.95 m / vertical range 83.48 m (-42.68 / +40.80) (Arbenz, T 2011.03.17 Mss ”Thomas Arbenz T 2011.09.16” Krem Tyngheng / Krem Tongheng 03.07.2002). SPELEOMETRY 2010: Brooks, S J (2010.03.08 Mss: Overview) is making it the third longest cave in the Indian subcontinent and the third cave to exceed 20 km in length. Unbiased by established facts the total length of the combined Krem Tyngheng / Krem Diengjem System is 21,103 m simply by assuming that Krem Diengjen [note 9] was extended from 1,327 m in length to 6660 m and connected to Krem Tyngheng and Krem Tyngheng was extended from 12,887 m in length to 14,442 m (Brooks, S J 2010.03.08 Mss: Overview). WINKLER, R (2010: 119): … Krem Thyngheng [sic!] … eine Höhle, die schon über 8 km Ganglänge aufweist. SPELEOMETRY 2009: Brooks, S J (2009.03.10 Mss: Overview 2009.doc): 12'887 m. Arbenz, T (2009.06.01 Mss: total 2009.xls) lists the survey lengths 129.03 m (18.02.2009) + 355.33 m (23.02.2009) + 12'402.82 m (pre-2009 survey lengths) adding up to a total survey length of 12'887.18 m. SPELEOMETRY 2008: 11'541.37 m (Anonymous2008.04 survey data: Tyngheng2008_01) bettered into wishful 12'960.56 m (Brown, M W et al. 2008 Mss: Survey Summary) and 12,960.00 m (Brooks & Brown undated 2008.02.29 Mss: Overview.doc; Brooks undated 2008 Mss: Longest Table 2008.doc). SPELEOMETRY 2007: 9'221.94 m / 37.12 m (+23.07/ 14.05) according to February 2007 survey data bettered into 9'866.94 m (Brown, M W et al. 2008 Mss: Survey Summary). SPELEOMETRY 2006: Further extension of Krem Tyngheng in the Semasi [sic!] area from 5319 m to 7752.42 m in length [is] putting it amongst the 10 longest caves in Meghalaya (Brooks, S J 2006.03.03 Mss: Overview.doc). SPELEOMETRY 2005: Pre 2005 Survey length 3752.41 Survey 2005 Total 5319.36. KHARPRAN DALY (2005: 16): Krem Tynheng (3.750 m) (Brooks 2005.10.05 revised Mss: Meghalaya 2005 Survey Summary). Krem Tyngheng at Samassi [is] measuring 5.32 kms (FOREIGN TEAM COMPLETES (2005). SPELEOMETRY 2004: … the superb river cave of Krem Tyngheng yielded 3.75 km (JARRATT 2004a, 2004b). Krem Tngheng yielding 3.75 kms of delightful ‘Meghalaya style’ large river passage and dry fossil [sic! more likely: relic, abandoned] passage (BROOKS, S J 2004a: 30). Krem Tyngheng yielded 3.7 km of delightful and quite typical Meghalaya large river passage and dry fossil [sic!] passage (BROOKS, S J 2004b: 267). PROSPECTS 2010: According to Arbenz, T (2010.09.19 personal correspondence: Re Tyngheng), not only the two unexplored leads of the survey series 13 and series 14 remain untouched but also the whole lot of the -great question marks- (note 10). PROSPECTS 2008: Anonymous et al. (2008 Mss: Meghalaya 2008 diary.doc Saturday 16th February): In Tyngheng one can find the official End of cave ongoing and many side passages remain. Anonymous et al. (2008 Mss: Meghalaya 2008 diary.doc Wednesday 20th February): The cave is still ongoing and involves 150 meter swim near the current end of the survey. PROSPECTS 2006: Brooks (2006.02.25 Mss: Krem Tyngend) is excellent with unidentified 50 good leds. JARRATT (2006: 11) was led to believe … locals [read: local people familiar with the area] believe the cave extends to the Kopili River, many kilometres [about 4 km or 5 km in a direct line] to the NE, on the Assam border. JARRATT (2006: 12): The end of this system has not been reached and it [the end?] may be extremely extensive. PROSPECTS 2007: Jantschke (2007 Mss: Fahrtenbericht Indien: Montag 26.02.07 Kaltes Wasser und kein Ende): Diese Höhle hat noch viel Potential. PROSPECTS 2004: Brooks (2004.05.11 Mss): Krem Tyngheng …was left ongoing with a huge number of leads remaining. CAVE CLIMATE: Boycott, Antony 'Tony' (undated Mss amendment to Stead 2004.02.17 Mss: Krem Tyngheng + other caves in Sem Masi Area) noticed the existence of water colder than expected (15°) without explaining how he got to know this. Siegenthaler (2008 Mss) confirmes ca. 15 grädiges Wasser (about 15°C water) without explaining how he got to know this. CAVE LIFE: Arthropoda: Crustacea: Brachyura 2004 eidence of … white and black [checkered or striped?] crabs (Boycott, Tony [Antony] undated 2004 Mss amendments). 2006 brown and pale coloured crabs (Brooks, S J 2006.02.25 Mss: Krem Tyngend). Arthropoda: Arachnida 2004 evidence of … spiders (Boycott, Antony -Tony- undated 2004 Mss amendments). 2006 spiders (Brooks, S J 2006.02.25 Mss: Krem Tyngend). 2008 Spinnen an den Wänden, ein gutes Zeichen für einen Oberflächenzugang (Siegenthaler, R. 2008 Mss 14.2.08, Donnerstag) or, if you prefer, spiders on the walls indicating [not the walls: the spiders] that the surface is near). Possibly huntsman spiders (Arachnidae: Aranea: Sparassidae: conf. Heteropoda sp.). Arthropoda: Orthoptera 2006 crickets (Brooks, S J 2006.02.25 Mss: Krem Tyngend). Arthropoda: Nematocera: Culucidae 2006 gnats (Brooks, S J 2006.02.25 Mss: Krem Tyngend). Vertebrata: Pisces 2006 white fish with eyes - not troglobitic (Brooks, S J 2006.02.25 Mss: Krem Tyngend). 2007 simply because Nicola Bayley once had had the impressin that it is present, KOTTELAT, HARRIES & PROUDLOVE (2007: 43 table 2) list Krem Tyngheng among the caves in the Sutnga area (sic!) in which the cave dwelling, nemacheilid loach Schistura prob. papulifera (Pisces: Teleostei: Balituridae). Vertebrata: Mammalia Rodentia 2004 evidence of … cave rat 200 m inside (Boycott, Tony [Antony] undated 2004 Mss amendments). Chiroptera 2004 Evidence of bats … Large abandoned bat roost 1.5 km inside cave in Numulite Boulevard [Nummulite Boulevard], deep dry bat guano from small and large bats, evidence of bat catchery apparatus but no obvious close entrance. Very few bats inside cave at present (Boycott, Antony 'Tony', undated 2004 Mss amendments …). 2006 Two species of bat, one large and the other small … (Brooks, S J 2006.02.25 Mss: Krem Tyngend). 2007 Kelaart's round leaf bat Hipposideros lankadiva Kelaart 1850: Dans le réseau fossile non loin de l’entrée, T. Arbenz et T. Boycott ont découvert dans une zone couverte de guano (probable colone) une momie de Hipposideros lankadiva et quelques ossements appartenant également à cette espèce. Dans la partie fossile, succédant à la rivière, nous avons mis au jour, en surface, des vestiges osseux et dentaires de Hipposideros lankadiva. Lors des deux visites, aucune chauve-souris vivante n’a été observée (Oppliger, J. 2010.07 Mss). 2008 Large dry guano mounds in -Numulite Boulevard- [Nummulite Boulevard] fossil [sic! qua: relic] passage about 1 km into cave. Bat catching poles on floor, no bats seen in this area since discovery 4 years ago (Boycott, Antony 'Tony' 2008.03.20 Mss: Bat droppings). He also told me to have collected (2008.02.14) three bat guano samples (note 11) in Krem Tyngheng N 25deg 24’ 32.3- E 092deg 30’ 49.7- (note 12). 2015 Simon J. Brooks, Michael Spigiel and Cdr. Vijay Chhikara … proceeded to the final station in series 62 and 63 where a low duck was passed to find a pleasant outflow passage with a good draught and bats that eventually terminated in a narow rift that took all the water (Anonymous [Arbenz T, Brooks S J et al.] 2015.04.03 Mss: Diary 2015.docx 5th February 2015 Thursday).e) une momie de Hipposideros lankadiva et quelques ossements appartenant également à cette espèce. Dans la partie fossile, succédant à la rivière, nous avons mis au jour, en surface, des vestiges osseux et dentaires de Hipposideros lankadiva. Lors des deux visites, aucune chauve-souris vivante n’a été observée (Oppliger, J. 2010.07 Mss). 2008 Large dry guano mounds in -Numulite Boulevard- [Nummulite Boulevard] fossil [sic! qua: relic] passage about 1 km into cave. Bat catching poles on floor, no bats seen in this area since discovery 4 years ago (Boycott, Antony 'Tony' 2008.03.20 Mss: Bat droppings). He also told me to have collected (2008.02.14) three bat guano samples (note 11) in Krem Tyngheng N 25deg 24’ 32.3- E 092deg 30’ 49.7- (note 12). 2015 Simon J. Brooks, Michael Spigiel and Cdr. Vijay Chhikara … proceeded to the final station in series 62 and 63 where a low duck was passed to find a pleasant outflow passage with a good draught and bats that eventually terminated in a nae) une momie de Hipposideros lankadiva et quelques ossements appartenant également à cette espèce. Dans la partie fossile, succédant à la rivière, nous avons mis au jour, en surface, des vestiges osseux et dentaires de Hipposideros lankadiva. Lors des deux visites, aucune chauve-souris vivante n’a été observée (Oppliger, J. 2010.07 Mss). 2008 Large dry guano mounds in -Numulite Boulevard- [Nummulite Boulevard] fossil [sic! qua: relic] passage about 1 km into cave. Bat catching poles on floor, no bats seen in this area since discovery 4 years ago (Boycott, Antony 'Tony' 2008.03.20 Mss: Bat droppings). He also told me to have collected (2008.02.14) three bat guano samples (note 11) in Krem Tyngheng N 25deg 24’ 32.3- E 092deg 30’ 49.7- (note 12). 2015 Simon J. Brooks, Michael Spigiel and Cdr. Vijay Chhikara … proceeded to the final station in series 62 and 63 where a low duck was passed to find a pleasant outflow passage with a good draught and bats that eventually terminated in a nae) une momie de Hipposideros lankadiva et quelques ossements appartenant également à cette espèce. Dans la partie fossile, succédant à la rivière, nous avons mis au jour, en surface, des vestiges osseux et dentaires de Hipposideros lankadiva. Lors des deux visites, aucune chauve-souris vivante n’a été observée (Oppliger, J. 2010.07 Mss). 2008 Large dry guano mounds in -Numulite Boulevard- [Nummulite Boulevard] fossil [sic! qua: relic] passage about 1 km into cave. Bat catching poles on floor, no bats seen in this area since discovery 4 years ago (Boycott, Antony 'Tony' 2008.03.20 Mss: Bat droppings). He also told me to have collected (2008.02.14) three bat guano samples (note 11) in Krem Tyngheng N 25deg 24’ 32.3- E 092deg 30’ 49.7- (note 12). 2015 Simon J. Brooks, Michael Spigiel and Cdr. Vijay Chhikara … proceeded to the final station in series 62 and 63 where a low duck was passed to find a pleasant outflow passage with a good draught and bats that eventually terminated in a nae) une momie de Hipposideros lankadiva et quelques ossements appartenant également à cette espèce. Dans la partie fossile, succédant à la rivière, nous avons mis au jour, en surface, des vestiges osseux et dentaires de Hipposideros lankadiva. Lors des deux visites, aucune chauve-souris vivante n’a été observée (Oppliger, J. 2010.07 Mss). 2008 Large dry guano mounds in -Numulite Boulevard- [Nummulite Boulevard] fossil [sic! qua: relic] passage about 1 km into cave. Bat catching poles on floor, no bats seen in this area since discovery 4 years ago (Boycott, Antony 'Tony' 2008.03.20 Mss: Bat droppings). He also told me to have collected (2008.02.14) three bat guano samples (note 11) in Krem Tyngheng N 25deg 24’ 32.3- E 092deg 30’ 49.7- (note 12). 2015 Simon J. Brooks, Michael Spigiel and Cdr. Vijay Chhikara … proceeded to the final station in series 62 and 63 where a low duck was passed to find a pleasant outflow passage with a good draught and bats that eventually terminated in a nae) une momie de Hipposideros lankadiva et quelques ossements appartenant également à cette espèce. Dans la partie fossile, succédant à la rivière, nous avons mis au jour, en surface, des vestiges osseux et dentaires de Hipposideros lankadiva. Lors des deux visites, aucune chauve-souris vivante n’a été observée (Oppliger, J. 2010.07 Mss). 2008 Large dry guano mounds in -Numulite Boulevard- [Nummulite Boulevard] fossil [sic! qua: relic] passage about 1 km into cave. Bat catching poles on floor, no bats seen in this area since discovery 4 years ago (Boycott, Antony 'Tony' 2008.03.20 Mss: Bat droppings). He also told me to have collected (2008.02.14) three bat guano samples (note 11) in Krem Tyngheng N 25deg 24’ 32.3- E 092deg 30’ 49.7- (note 12). 2015 Simon J. Brooks, Michael Spigiel and Cdr. Vijay Chhikara … proceeded to the final station in series 62 and 63 where a low duck was passed to find a pleasant outflow passage with a good draught and bats that eventually terminated in a nae) une momie de Hipposideros lankadiva et quelques ossements appartenant également à cette espèce. Dans la partie fossile, succédant à la rivière, nous avons mis au jour, en surface, des vestiges osseux et dentaires de Hipposideros lankadiva. Lors des deux visites, aucune chauve-souris vivante n’a été observée (Oppliger, J. 2010.07 Mss). 2008 Large dry guano mounds in -Numulite Boulevard- [Nummulite Boulevard] fossil [sic! qua: relic] passage about 1 km into cave. Bat catching poles on floor, no bats seen in this area since discovery 4 years ago (Boycott, Antony 'Tony' 2008.03.20 Mss: Bat droppings). He also told me to have collected (2008.02.14) three bat guano samples (note 11) in Krem Tyngheng N 25deg 24’ 32.3- E 092deg 30’ 49.7- (note 12). 2015 Simon J. Brooks, Michael Spigiel and Cdr. Vijay Chhikara … proceeded to the final station in series 62 and 63 where a low duck was passed to find a pleasant outflow passage with a good draught and bats that eventually terminated in a nae) une momie de Hipposideros lankadiva et quelques ossements appartenant également à cette espèce. Dans la partie fossile, succédant à la rivière, nous avons mis au jour, en surface, des vestiges osseux et dentaires de Hipposideros lankadiva. Lors des deux visites, aucune chauve-souris vivante n’a été observée (Oppliger, J. 2010.07 Mss). 2008 Large dry guano mounds in -Numulite Boulevard- [Nummulite Boulevard] fossil [sic! qua: relic] passage about 1 km into cave. Bat catching poles on floor, no bats seen in this area since discovery 4 years ago (Boycott, Antony 'Tony' 2008.03.20 Mss: Bat droppings). He also told me to have collected (2008.02.14) three bat guano samples (note 11) in Krem Tyngheng N 25deg 24’ 32.3- E 092deg 30’ 49.7- (note 12). 2015 Simon J. Brooks, Michael Spigiel and Cdr. Vijay Chhikara … proceeded to the final station in series 62 and 63 where a low duck was passed to find a pleasant outflow passage with a good draught and bats that eventually terminated in a nae) une momie de Hipposideros lankadiva et quelques ossements appartenant également à cette espèce. Dans la partie fossile, succédant à la rivière, nous avons mis au jour, en surface, des vestiges osseux et dentaires de Hipposideros lankadiva. Lors des deux visites, aucune chauve-souris vivante n’a été observée (Oppliger, J. 2010.07 Mss). 2008 Large dry guano mounds in -Numulite Boulevard- [Nummulite Boulevard] fossil [sic! qua: relic] passage about 1 km into cave. Bat catching poles on floor, no bats seen in this area since discovery 4 years ago (Boycott, Antony 'Tony' 2008.03.20 Mss: Bat droppings). He also told me to have collected (2008.02.14) three bat guano samples (note 11) in Krem Tyngheng N 25deg 24’ 32.3- E 092deg 30’ 49.7- (note 12). 2015 Simon J. Brooks, Michael Spigiel and Cdr. Vijay Chhikara … proceeded to the final station in series 62 and 63 where a low duck was passed to find a pleasant outflow passage with a good draught and bats that eventually terminated in a nae) une momie de Hipposideros lankadiva et quelques ossements appartenant également à cette espèce. Dans la partie fossile, succédant à la rivière, nous avons mis au jour, en surface, des vestiges osseux et dentaires de Hipposideros lankadiva. Lors des deux visites, aucune chauve-souris vivante n’a été observée (Oppliger, J. 2010.07 Mss). 2008 Large dry guano mounds in -Numulite Boulevard- [Nummulite Boulevard] fossil [sic! qua: relic] passage about 1 km into cave. Bat catching poles on floor, no bats seen in this area since discovery 4 years ago (Boycott, Antony 'Tony' 2008.03.20 Mss: Bat droppings). He also told me to have collected (2008.02.14) three bat guano samples (note 11) in Krem Tyngheng N 25deg 24’ 32.3- E 092deg 30’ 49.7- (note 12). 2015 Simon J. Brooks, Michael Spigiel and Cdr. Vijay Chhikara … proceeded to the final station in series 62 and 63 where a low duck was passed to find a pleasant outflow passage with a good draught and bats that eventually terminated in a nae) une momie de Hipposideros lankadiva et quelques ossements appartenant également à cette espèce. Dans la partie fossile, succédant à la rivière, nous avons mis au jour, en surface, des vestiges osseux et dentaires de Hipposideros lankadiva. Lors des deux visites, aucune chauve-souris vivante n’a été observée (Oppliger, J. 2010.07 Mss). 2008 Large dry guano mounds in -Numulite Boulevard- [Nummulite Boulevard] fossil [sic! qua: relic] passage about 1 km into cave. Bat catching poles on floor, no bats seen in this area since discovery 4 years ago (Boycott, Antony 'Tony' 2008.03.20 Mss: Bat droppings). He also told me to have collected (2008.02.14) three bat guano samples (note 11) in Krem Tyngheng N 25deg 24’ 32.3- E 092deg 30’ 49.7- (note 12). 2015 Simon J. Brooks, Michael Spigiel and Cdr. Vijay Chhikara … proceeded to the final station in series 62 and 63 where a low duck was passed to find a pleasant outflow passage with a good draught and bats that eventually terminated in a narow rift that took all the water (Anonymous [Arbenz T, Brooks S J et al.] 2015.04.03 Mss: Diary 2015.docx 5th February 2015 Thursday).