KHUNG, Larket (Krem)

Description

Herbert Daniel Gebauer - 06/01/2018

The triangular shaped cave entrance (1.6 m wide, 1.4 m wide) at the base of a cliff is obscured behind a gravitationally dislocated slab of rock, which was understood to face south-west (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Meghalaya Cave Record: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012) but faces north-west (Arbenz, T 2012.12.16 Khungplan.pdf), gives access to a cave which was initially interpreted as a sink and muddy but dry entrance meander (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls) but later as a sink leading toma relic hall of impressive dimensions. Mastercave with large breakdown blocks and active riwer [stream]. Several inlets are draining water from the Umthymmai area and the valley below Larket village (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). ETYMOLOGY: The Khasi verb -khung- means to wrap or tie up in a cloth and the noun ”u khung” is the Khasi word for the cross-beam in a house (SINGH, N 1906: 36) but the animal -kakhung- (female) or -u khung- (male), which is generally said to resemble a small kind of a bear (Larsing Sukhlain 2000.02 personal communication) but rather looks like an aged cross-bread between a badger and cat with a bushy and fully prehensile tail (note 1). This animal is probably either the large Indian civet (Carnivora: Feliformia / Feloidea: Viverridae Gray 1821: Viverrinae Gray 1864: Viverra zibetha Linnaeus 1758) or a binturong (Carnivora: Feliformia / Feloidea, cats: Viverridae: Paradoxurinae: Arctictis binturong Raffles 1821). Large Indian civets (note 2) spend most of their time on the ground, and are agile climbers. During the day, they sleep in burrows. They are mostly carnivorous, eat birds, frogs, snakes, small mammals, eggs, crabs, and fish, but also fruit and roots. It is listed as Near Threatened by IUCN since 2008, mainly because of trapping-driven declines in heavily hunted and fragmented areas, notably in China, and the heavy trade as wild meat.A binturong spendsmost of his tranquil life climbing around trees, raises two or three youngs twice a year, eats mostly fruits but also carrion and fish but does not like being eaten (note 3). True outsiders, however, constructed a line of thinking according to which the Khasi -Krem Khung- resembles a far fetched English Wolverine Cave (DAVIDSON, R 2012; Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Meghalaya Cave Record: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). This is not the case (note 4). According to well informed people, who are familiar with the area but regarded by certain outsiders as the local hunters and impossible to mention by name, the 'Khung' is a shy but aggressive animal similar to a bear, but smaller. Descriptions and tales closely match the wolverine, which is known in Asia but not south of the Himalayas (Arbenz, T 2012.07.01 Mss: Krem Khung_Book.doc). SITUATION 2012.03.01: In an unspecified setting and at an unidentified location somewhere in Larket of Jaintia Hills district (OUR CORRESPONDENT 2012.0.01). SITUATION 2012.04.16: The entrance to the cave lies on the W-flank of Khahnar - Umthymmai hill at valley level and at the mouth of a gulley [gully, water worn ravine] with N-orientation (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave). SITUATION 2012.06.23: In an unspecified setting and at an unidentified location referred to as a so-called the Larket Area (Brooks, S J undated 2012 Mss -Meghalaya 2012 - Overview (Descent) V3.doc- forwarded 2012.06.23). APPROACH: From the 2012 camp (near pung Umthymmai, N25°23’27.9”: E092°35’24.8”: 1008 m asl) a footpath takes off to the SW. It follows the S-flank of a gully. Stay on this footpath to reach a farm and later a creek which flows down towards the gully. When path and river reach the valley level, cross the river and follow the base of the hills towards North for about 300m, The entrance is a sink under a cliff (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). CAVE DESCRIPTION 2012a: … a new cave known as rem Khung in Larket of Jaintia Hills district … [is not only] strewn with massive boulder blocks, [but also] has been explored and … mapping of the remaining part of the cave is on (OUR CORRESPONDENT 2012.03.01). CAVE DESCRIPTION 2012b: A relatively very impressive passage without comparison for scale gave rise to wonder for what reason it had been often strewn with massive boulders to reach a pitch which is probably rather a dominantly vertical cave passage than a playing field that had been interpreted as overlooking a relatively large lake without comparison for scale that is very much ongoing (Brooks, S J undated 2012 Mss -Meghalaya 2012 - Overview (Descent) V3.doc- forwarded 2012.06.23). CAVE DESCRIPTION 2012c: A major collector [note 5], Krem Khung (Wolverine Cave) … featured some very large passages, with lots of wet sections, boulder passages and chokes to negotiate. The current end has several undescended pots and a window looking out over a chamber containing a lake almost 4 m long with a substantial inlet flowing at the far end, the first significant amount of flowing water seen in the cave (DAVIDSON, Ross 2012). SPORTS DEVICE DESCRIPTION 2012d: The entrance series (12 stations) is a meander of triangular to halfmoon shape and of stooping to walking hight. The floor is covered with dry mud and flood debris for till stn.4. Theren are two pols [sic! qua: pools] of 4 m to 5 m length, knee to waist deep, to negotiate. The pools can be bypassed vie [sic! qua: via] a crawl and scramble setting off from stn.4. The Meander gives access to a large, circular relic chamber (diam. 20 m) with calcite formations and a dry floor. Four cave passages lead off from this chamber, of which three lead to different entrances. The main drag (s1. continued) leads into a chamber (diam. 50 m, 8 m high). The main feature of this chamber (Paradise Chamber) are breakdown blocks that are calcited and decorated with countless stalactites and columns in color shades of black, white an ochre. The ceiling is covered with hundreds of stalactites, many of them are black. About half of them are covered with ”golden” sulphuric bacteria (?) which give the formations a coat of extreme beauty. After Paradise Chamber the caracter of the main passage is that of a master cave. Inlets from W and E bring in water drained from the hills and western plains. Incasion has created large spaces along the master cave the passage being up to 30 m wide and 15 m high. Breakdown blocks as large as trucks build up clusters along the passage now and again forming boulder chokes that can be negotiated by following the water. The cave passage continues (approx. 15 x 15 m) with a sandy boulder littered floor with pools of water occasionally being seen on either side of the passage as the stream meanders from side to side. An inlet (2 m x 2 m) joins the passage under a rock overhang on the left side, and continues to a system of connecting muddy rifts to a junction where a stream enters from th left and continues unexplored to the right. Back on the main route, a boulder choke is reached after a wide sandy beach. This is passed by following the water down on the left hand side and then climbing up and to the right into a high level chamber, then back down to a deeper section of water, after which the passage opens out. A gour eminates [sic! qua: emanates] from a side passage on the left here (Thomas surveyed this). Carrying on downstream a chamber is reached where the passage intersects a fault, with a boulder slope to the right and the stream heading round to the left under another boulder slope. The passage is smaller for a section here as the stream flows along the bottom of what is presumably a boulder filled continuation of the fault chamber. (I'm a bit unsure about this section. Eventually another chamber is reached, and again the stream heads to the left and back under the boulders. (?) Following the stream a climb down is reached, after which the passage lowers a ittle, until a distinctive column (the brandy goblet) and then a junction are reached. Both routes lead into the vast rectangular 'Lost in Space', with the right hand route being back in chest deep water briefly. Following this passage for 25 m, a major inlet joins from the left, -Old Father time-. (Description to follow from Ross). Back in the main passage a long section of boulders has to be negotiated, some of which appear to be quite precariously balanced. Eventually a junction is reached (Mark T did the left hand branch). The right hand branch splits into three almost immediately. To the left a narrowing series of joint controlled rifts eventually reaches a small stream, unexplored past this point. To the right a pitch down is reached to a lower level passage which passes back under the straight on route, which is unexplored from here. Straight on a climb up passes over a hole down to the lower level passage, then continues over boulders to another obstacle - the -Pit and thePendulum-, a hole in the floor on the right hand side of a rock column in the centre of the passage, and a loose free climb (anonymous in: Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). CAVE DESCRIPTION 2012e: … streams flowing off the Kopili Shales and entering caves include Krem Shalong, Krem Labit Mynlin [Krem –>Labet, Kseh], Pala Shaft [i.e. –>Pala Pot Boycott 2008], Krem Rucha, some side inlets to Krem Khung and … caves in the Lymmoh Canyon [i.e. –>Lymoh Canyon Cave] (Tringham, M E in ARBENZ, T 2012: 38). CAVE CONTENTS: Mud and sandbanks (wet and dry), rounded gravel, calcite formations, breakdown blocks (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). TACKLE: Neoprene suits. For continuation at current end: 30 m rope, hangers, ladder and life jackets as well as SRT kit (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). PROSPECTS: The sporst caving device continues at unidentified places with unspecified leads whichwere effectively interpreted not only as big in two directions but also as several side passages (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). SPELEOMETRY 2012: Several distances, which have been measured to uttermost superultrahighest accuracy inside (or so) this Krem Khung, resulted in total sums that include 5119.90 m Anonymous Brooks, S J after Arbenz, T (undated 2012 Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls). 5120.0 m OUR CORRESPONDENT (2012.03.01) subscribed by Brooks, S J (undated 2012 Mss -Meghalaya 2012 - Overview (Descent) V3.doc- forwarded 2012.06.23). 5200. m DAVIDSON, Ross (2012). 5065.05 m at a vertical range of ±42.47 m (-18.76 m / +23.71 m) (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss -Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). CAVE LIFE -- Visible fish (conf. Pisces): Unspecified but relatively large fish of inexplicable size had been clearly visible from the top of the 12 m pitch! (DAVIDSON, R 2012). 1 bat flying 2 bats hanging, Huntsman spiders, crickts, small spiders, harvestmen, snails (shells only), fish pigmented and unpigmented, shrimps and crabs both pigmented and unpigmented. See [invisible] separate inventory (O. Chachula) (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss; Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 2012.02.11: 11th Febuary 2012 (Saturday) … Krem Khung … Oana [Oana Chachula] and Khlur [Khlur Mukhim] started to take samples for the science project. In the first part of the cave they did not observe many animals because of the dry walls, floors and flood debris, just a population of about 500 exemplars of Opilionidae [Arachnida: Opiliones]. They thought that the whole cave would be like that: dry and washed. After the second beautiful chamber came the first surprise of the cave: lots of flood debris areas, very “good” for cave fauna. They spent a couple of hours searching through the debris. Lots of dead gastropods were found, brought in by the water, but it gave the team an idea about the diversity of the species in the area. A vry interesting ecological observation was made: a great population of Collemboles (maybe Isopods, which are more aquatic) living not just in flood debris, but also in the galleries made in sand and clay. Whilst searching for the dry way to get out, Oana and Khlur made another interesting observation: Still out of daylight, on a big parietal calcite formation, were a lot of algae and lichens. They took some pictures and samples. At the entrance of the cave, was a small bat, from Vespertilionidae family. In the camp, all the measurements and external morphological observations were taken, and the bat was identified it as a tiny Myotis (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Diary 2012). 13th February 2012 (Monday) … Oana followed this [Mark, Cookie and Ross] team collecting lots of biological samples and taking measurements of air and water temperature, water PH and relative humidity of the air. In the flood debris, there was a huge population of Collembola, white worms, gastropods. In a very et piece of wood full of sand, there were very interesting yellow worms and beetles, seen for the first time. Cookie photographed some beautiful fungus mycelia about half a meter on the wall, together with a 2 m long root. Another tiny bat species, probably Rhinolophus pusillius was identified … [but] did not want to fly away when released, and despite Oana’s attempts to keep it warm it did not survive till morning (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 15th February 2012 (Wednesday) Krem Khung … Cookie, Ross and Oana continued to survey Old Father Time passage … The team supposed that there was probably an entrance nearby, because some bats were flying, and some animals from the outside had been washed-in by the water. In the last pool, they counted five white fish. They came back to a big junction, and started surveying series 16 and a loop (series 17), a very nice old riverbed with many bat bones that Oana collected. Cookie took a nice picture of a calcited bat skleton (between 14/32 & 14/33) … Oana collected two white spiders, some gastropods, a crab, and at station 14.33 they counted another eleven white fish and black and white crayfish in a pool. They observed two “snot gobblers” (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 7th February 2013 … Each small pools got a lots of withe small fishes and we collect some for Shillong biological collections. We count like 20 exemplars in each one, means a big populations (Oana Chachula in: anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary: 7th February). 2013.02.15, Friday: Khlur Mukhim had taken video shots of white fish and crayfish moving about in the lentic pools of the cave. His collection included among other things, small white crabs, white spider, fungal and bacterial colonies. He wondered how fish could survive for several floodless months; he collected some plankton samples to check if there might be some planktonic species on which these fish and other aquatc animals could feed. The pH meter showed that water inside the cave was somewhat more alkaline than that of a stagnant tiny pool in the vicinity outside (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary: 15th February, Friday).leton (between 14/32 & 14/33) … Oana collected two white spiders, some gastropods, a crab, and at station 14.33 they counted another eleven white fish and black and white crayfish in a pool. They observed two “snot gobblers” (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 7th February 2013 … Each small pools got a lots of withe small fishes and we collect some for Shillong biological collections. We count like 20 exemplars in each one, means a big populations (Oana Chachula in: anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary: 7th February). 2013.02.15, Friday: Khlur Mukhim had taken video shots of white fish and crayfish moving about in the lentic pools of the cave. His collection included among other things, small white crabs, white spider, fungal and bacterial colonies. He wondered how fish could survive for several floodless months; he collected some plankton samples to check if there might be some planktonic species on which these fish and other aquatleton (between 14/32 & 14/33) … Oana collected two white spiders, some gastropods, a crab, and at station 14.33 they counted another eleven white fish and black and white crayfish in a pool. They observed two “snot gobblers” (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 7th February 2013 … Each small pools got a lots of withe small fishes and we collect some for Shillong biological collections. We count like 20 exemplars in each one, means a big populations (Oana Chachula in: anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary: 7th February). 2013.02.15, Friday: Khlur Mukhim had taken video shots of white fish and crayfish moving about in the lentic pools of the cave. His collection included among other things, small white crabs, white spider, fungal and bacterial colonies. He wondered how fish could survive for several floodless months; he collected some plankton samples to check if there might be some planktonic species on which these fish and other aquatleton (between 14/32 & 14/33) … Oana collected two white spiders, some gastropods, a crab, and at station 14.33 they counted another eleven white fish and black and white crayfish in a pool. They observed two “snot gobblers” (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 7th February 2013 … Each small pools got a lots of withe small fishes and we collect some for Shillong biological collections. We count like 20 exemplars in each one, means a big populations (Oana Chachula in: anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary: 7th February). 2013.02.15, Friday: Khlur Mukhim had taken video shots of white fish and crayfish moving about in the lentic pools of the cave. His collection included among other things, small white crabs, white spider, fungal and bacterial colonies. He wondered how fish could survive for several floodless months; he collected some plankton samples to check if there might be some planktonic species on which these fish and other aquatleton (between 14/32 & 14/33) … Oana collected two white spiders, some gastropods, a crab, and at station 14.33 they counted another eleven white fish and black and white crayfish in a pool. They observed two “snot gobblers” (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 7th February 2013 … Each small pools got a lots of withe small fishes and we collect some for Shillong biological collections. We count like 20 exemplars in each one, means a big populations (Oana Chachula in: anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary: 7th February). 2013.02.15, Friday: Khlur Mukhim had taken video shots of white fish and crayfish moving about in the lentic pools of the cave. His collection included among other things, small white crabs, white spider, fungal and bacterial colonies. He wondered how fish could survive for several floodless months; he collected some plankton samples to check if there might be some planktonic species on which these fish and other aquatc animals could feed. The pH meter showed that water inside the cave was somewhat more alkaline than that of a stagnant tiny pool in the vicinity outside (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary: 15th February, Friday).

Documents

Bibliography 06/01/2018

Arbenz, Thomas 2012; Davidson, Ross 2012; Our Correspondent 2012.03.01.

History

EXPLORATION HISTORY: 2012: Within merely 19 expeditions between 10th and 21st February (11 days, 264 hours) a strong team of twelve cavers successfully measured within only 3168 manhours a broad variety of linear distances which eventually contributed to a mathematical addition resulting in the total sum of 5120 m (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls) and thus, for each caver involved, every day more than 42 m or 1.6 metres per hour. 2012.02.09, trip 1: A certain U Lius Manar or U Louis Manar (note 6), then the Khahnar Village Headman, guided Brian D. Kharpran Daly, Thomas Arbenz (book) and Peter Ludwig to the cave entrance of Krem Khung (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 2012.02.10, trip 2: TA, PL, BKD started and surveyed into first big chamber (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls): 10th Feb 2012: T.Arbenz, BK.Daly, P.Ludwig, GPs the entrance and strt survey into first big chamber (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 2012.02.11, trip 3: Thomas Arbenz (book), Peter Ludwig, and Vijay Chhikara alias TA, PL, VC, Krem Khung, 190, first chamber and Paradise Hall, the starting the main passage (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls). 11th Febuary 2012 (Saturday) … Krem Khung … Thomas, Peter and Vijay surveyed the lead into Paradise Hall and set out to survey the same. This task took a lot of time as the chamber is very complex and you can chose different routes to cross it. They settled for a high route which permitted a good overview of the hall. Nevertheless it took two hours to do this part of the cave. After this the team carried on following the main drag along a dry river passage. The cave is still complex there with huge blocks along the east side making the survey quite challenging. Following the riverbed brought them to a point where the passage ecomes simpler revealing its character: a river flowing along an old relic passage. The time consuming drawing and the cold draught took its toll and the team left the cave at 3.30 p.m. having clocked up 190 m of most beautiful cave passage (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Diary 2012). 2012.02.11, trip 4: Nicola 'Nicky' Bayley (book), Rudolf 'Rudi' Weissmair, Ross Davidson, and Richard Hudson alias NB, RW, RD, RH, Krem Khung, 473, pushing different side leads and onwards in the main passage (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls). 11th Febuary 2012 (Saturday) … Krem Khung … Richard, Ross, Rudi and Nicky surveyed the first chamber and four of the leads, one of which led through to a boulder pile at the foot of Paradise Hall. The second and third leads enter a small chamber with a connection back to the entrance series avoiding the water, as well as a tightish second entrance. The final lead is a strongly drafting passage of approxiately 120 m heading to a third entrance. After this Rich, Ross and Nicki surveyed a few legs up into a high level decorated chamber at the side of Paradise hall, took a few photos and then went up along the main survey line. Receiving a message that they could continue the survey line of Thomas’ team, another 12 stations were surveyed heading into very large passage about 20 m wide. This is ongoing. On their way out the dry link through to the main entrance was surveyed (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Diary 2012). 2012.02.11, trip 5: David Cooke, Brian D. Kharpran Daly, Graham Marshall, Mark E. Tringham, and Fraser E. Simpson carry no book but boys' tools into the interior of the cave, where they take photographs to take them out of the cave and back home: 11.02.2012, BKD, MT, DC, FS, GM, Krem Khung, 0, Photo trip (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls): 11th Feb 2012: The whole 2012 team goes into the cave, photos first then split int survey teams. 11th Feb 2012: Day’s total is 663 m (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 11th Febuary 2012 (Saturday) … Krem Khung … Mark and Cookie took many photos in the first two chambers then teamed up with Richard, Ross, Rudi and Nicky, taking photos of the massive new chambers (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Diary 2012). 2012.02.12, trip 6: Nicola 'Nicky' Bayley (book), Oana Chachula, and Vijay Chhikara alias NB, OC, VC, biological samples collected (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls). 2012.02.12, trip 7: Nicola 'Nicky' Bayley (book), Richard Hudson and Ross Davidson are said to have collected 493.38 biological samples or metres: 12.02.2012; NB, RH, RD, Krem Khung, 493.38 Biological sample collected (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls): 12th Feb 2012: N.Bayley, R.Hudson, R.Davidson, M.Tringham, D.Cooke survey 493 m (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 2012.02.12, trip 8: Mark E. Tringham (book) and David Cooke are said to have spent the day in darkness (coma?) and that's it: 12.02.2012, MT, DC, Krem Khung (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls). 12th February 2012 (Sunday) … Krem Khung … Richard, Nicky, Cookie, Ross and Mark explored further along the main passage and took in three side passages / leads noticed on the previous day. The west side passage ends in a mud choke after 100 m. Points of interest here were lots of porcupine quills covered in fungus and signs of a nest and tracking in the mud floor. The first east side passage was just a small chamber off which a small muddy rift quickly became too narrow. The second east question mark was a steeply ascending rift. This was climbed by Ross and found to end after approx 35 m. A stream way inlet was noticed on west side about 100m before a large boulder choke. Due to water this ws not explored apart from a short recce, which showed it to be of a good size. At the boulder choke after a lot of poking about a route near the western wall was found by Cookie. This involves a short swim at the end and the team stopped here apart from a short recce by Mark. This confirmed that the choke has been passed and that attractive large passages continued on the far side with a large dry side branch to the west and a wet stream way to the east with pretty gours and stal bosses. Two other side passages were noticed just after the choke (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Diary 2012). 2012.02.13, trip 9: Thomas Arbenz, (book), Peter Ludwig, Fraser E. Simpson, and Richard Hudson alias TA, PL, FS, RH, Krem Khung, 139, Side passages / inlets (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls): 13th Feb 2012: T.Arbenz, P.Ludwig, F.Simpson, G.Marshall survey 139 m in side passages and inlets (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21sFeb.2012). 13th February 2012 (Monday) … Krem Khung. Thomas, Peter, Fraser, Richard Followed Mark’s team and took the task to check and survey the side leads coming into the huge master cave. Two side leads were followed to completion. One passage was an inlet that got too low and narrow to be followed and the other one was a steep boulder slope, which ended in a choke high up above the main passage. The rest of the time was invested into photography (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 2012.02.13, trip 10: Mark E. Tringham (book), David Cooke, Ross Davidson, and Oana Chachula alias MT, DC, RD, OC, Krem Khung, 446.94 mainpassage (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls): 13th Feb 2012: M.Tringham, D.Cooke, R.Davidson, O.Chachula, main passage ongoing, 447 m (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 13th February 2012 (Monday) … Krem Khung. Mark, Oana, Cookie and Ross … survey the continuing min stream way from the start of the wet section (3/48), just after the initial boulder choke. They regrouped with the other team after taking a few legs into the stream chamber beyond the choke bypass (series 11), then continued along the main stream way. After about 75 m this met a very large chamber with breakdown on both sides. Passing the choke on the left hand side of the chamber, under which the stream heads, another section of moderately sized stream passage appeared, which was surveyed to reach another large chamber, again with chokes on both sides. Passing the left (stream) side of the chamber again, an elliptical passage and a choke climb both lead into a very substantial passage (‘Lost in Space’), where the team stopped the survey (3/79). Photographs were taken at this point, after which a side passage was examined to find out whether it was another cave entering. This seemed to be ongoing, but there is still the possibility that it is part of the same formation as ‘Lost inSpace’, which runs almost parallel. The main stream way is ongoing, and from this point onwards the water appears to be running, adding evidence for a decent side passage. Exit time from this point was an hour (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 2012.02.14, trip 11: Richard Hudson (book), Nicola 'Nicky' Bayley, Rudolf 'Rudi' Weissmair, and Brian D. Kharpran Daly alias RH, NB, RW, BKD, 538.96, main drag (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls): 14th Feb 2012: N.Bayley, R.Hudson,R.Weissmair, BK.Daly main passage, 539 m (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 14th February 2012 (Tuesday) … Krem Khung. Nicky, Rich, Brian and Rudi took up surveying beyond the second boulder choke and entered a fine phreatic [sic! qua: phreatic-shaped] section, clean washed with a deep narrow trench taking the stream. They continued on, passing three side passages (appearing to join back onto the main dag) and into a section they named the “Khung Trap”. This was an area where massive blocks had fallen from the roof, and were perched precariously above floor level. The team rather quickly surveyed beneath them whilst holding their breath. A few more legs, and then Rich had reached the end of his survey page so we called it a day, leaving the 10 m x 20 m cave passage bearing off into the blackness like a railway tunnel. On the way back they managed to avoid the Khung Trap by climbing up onto a ledge. Progress through the cave at this point is fairly arduous due to the loose breakdown and massive boulders that have to be negotiated. Not a friendly place. Everybody exited the cave in the dark, and then all split up walking back to camp. Brian took a wrong turn in the dark, and missed the track to the camp. The “search and rescue” took a good 2 hours with various parties going down slopes, looking for gully traverses, and thrashing through dense undergrowth. Eventually the search partiesmade contact with scurions, and Fraser and Rich managed to beat a way through the scrub and escort Brian back. After this the much wanted beer was well deserved (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 2012.02.14, trip 12: Ross Davidson (book), David Cooke, Mark E. Tringham, and Vijay Chhikara alias RD, DC, MT, VC 616.83 Side Passage (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls): 14th Feb 2012: R.Davidson, D.Cooke, M.Tringham, V.Chhikara, Westsidepassage, 617 m (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 14th February 2012 (Tuesday) … Krem Khung. Mark, Cookie, Ross and Vijay popped up in Lost in Space, surveyed from 14/0 to 14/32. They followed the high level passage over the breakdown, which is initially dry and sandy with many selenite [gypsum] crystals [note 7]. There is ancient bat guano and many bat bones suggesting that at one time this was a bat roost. They named the dry section Old Father Time.After a while the boulders diminish and the passage floor is met with the stream (very slight flow), low gours and mounds of gravel and mud. Many small white fish and crayfish were seen. Generally few formations were seen but from 14/30 the passage became well decorated with curtains, columns and flowstone. Mark postulated that they were no longer in the shale cap. Photos of the big passage and snot-gobblers were taken on the return (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 2012.02.15, trip 13: Richard Hudson (book), Nicola 'Nicky' Bayley, Mark E. Tringham, and Vijay Chhikara alias RH, NB, VC, MT 147.15 (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls): 15th Feb 2012: N.Bayley, R.Hudson, V.Chhikara, M.Tringham, 147 m (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 2012.02.15, trip 14: Thomas Arbenz, (book), Peter Ludwig, Fraser E. Simpson, and Graham Marshall, alias TA, PL, FS, GM, 341, Hall of the MountainKhung (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls): 15th Feb 2012: T.Arbenz, P.Ludwig, F.Simpson, G.Marshall, 341 m to Hall of the Mountain Khung (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 15th February 2012 (Wednesday) Krem Khung … Thomas, Peter, Fraser and Graham surveyed a side passage off station 3/28. It was of triangular shape about man-high and meandering to the west. Water pools and flood debris indicated an active inlet during the wet season. Towards the end of the passage the water got deeper and eventually it “ended” in a small sump. Two side passages gave access to a high double aven (+20 m) with stunningly beautiful formations. They also found paw prints and claw marks in the mud, which were photographed. The combination of both decorations and prints led the team to name the chamber Hall of the Mountain Khung (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 2012.02.15, trip 15: Mark E. Tringhamand Vijay Chhikara alias MT, VC, 407.28 (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls): 15th Feb 2012: V.Chhikara, M.Tringham, main passage, 407 m (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 15th February 2012 (Wednesday) Krem Khung … Richard, Mark, Nicky and Vijay took a leisurely pace to the phreatic shaped passage where Mark took some photos. They investigated the side leads that they had spotted the day before and ran some survey legs along them. As suspected, they appear to rejoin the main passage. Some more pictures were taken and then the team made haste to the last survey point. After a couple of stations Rich stumbled, slicing his wrist open on some razor sharp rock. Mark saw Rich’s tendons poking out and decided he’d better carry on surveying before he passed out. Rich was patched up, and he headed out with Nicky, leaving Vijay to assist Mark with the surveying. The main passage continued with lots of bouldes for over 400 m to a junction. At least two ways continue big and each appear to split after about 100 m. The main route continues on 050 deg. following a fault. It’s now taking about 2 ? hours to get to the sharp end (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 2012.02.15, trip 16: Ross Davidson (book), David Cooke, and Oana Chachula alias RD, DC, OC, 206.62 Old Father Time (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls): 15th Feb 2012: R.Davidson, D.Cooke, O.Chachula, Old father Time, 206 m (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 15th February 2012 (Wednesday) Krem Khung … Cookie, Ross and Oana continued to survey Old Father Time passage, between the choke and the riverbed. Soon they had a junction (14/33), where they decided to just have a look. On their way back, Cookie checked a small inlet crawling along the wet passage and negotiated a duck to reach a bigger chamber. It was left unsurveyed for th next day when everybody will have a wet suit. Continuing surveying along the main passage, they found a very yellow calcite formation on the wall. Wellies were taken off to conserve the nice formation and Cookie took a photo. The gallery soon became blocked by a draughting choke with the stream issuing from the bottom. Cookie dived the first duck but wasn’t willing to try the second. Goggles at least are required. The team supposed that there was probably an entrance nearby, because some bats were flying, and some animals from the outside had been washed-in by the water … (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 2012.02.16, trip 17: Ross Davidson (book), David Cooke, and Rudolf 'Rudi' Weissmair alias RD, DC, RW, 274.15 (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls): 16th Feb 2012: R.Davidson, D.Cooke, R.Weissmair, 274 m (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 16th Feb 2012 (Thursday) Krem Khung… Cookie, Ross and Rudi … survey the wet inlet left from yesterday’s trip (from 14/33). The passage starts with a short duck where the stalactite pendants come down to the water. The stream passage soon meets larger relic passage. One section is particularly well decorated with interesting erratic straws in the roof (15/9). The team continued to “Toad Hall” (named after the large and healthy toad they found there) (15/20) where the stream continues in a low stooping tube. They followed the relic passage past a small lake (15/22) and on to a conclusion where the ceiling descends to create a flat out crawl over the compacted mud floor, just too tight. There was no draught but there was a hint of a way on after 5 m but digging would be required to enlarge the crawl. Returning to the lake Cookie waded across to confirm there was no way on, which there wasn’t, but spotted a tube that led back to the nearside corner (15/22). Rudi went to investigate and found a draughting wet tube, which hefollowed for some distance – the going lead. The return to the entrance took about 1:40 hr (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 2012.02.16, trip 18: Brian D Kharpran Daly, Cdr. Vijay Chhikara, Mark E Tringham, Fraser E Simpson and Graham Marshall undertook a reconnaissance trip … from Larket towards the camp and into the valley north upstream of Krem Khung. Several swallets and dolines were investigated and located with GPS to try and find a different entrance into Krem Khung. Most were blocked by boulders or mud, however 2 locations show promise; one with a low wet crawl in a stream way and another pothole entrance that requires a rope or ladder to enter (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 2012.02.17, trip 19: Richard 'Rich' Dawson, Nicola 'Nicky' Bayley, and Cdr. Vijay Chhikara went on 17th Feb 2012 (Friday) … for another look at the Lymmoh Canyon [Phud Lymoh] area hoping that they could maybe find the other end of Krem Khung. They locaed Krem Lymoh Canyon, but no joy. They did find another small section of cave just downstream, which ended in a sump, but no upstream continuations, which they were hoping for. Lots of jungle bashing, the area being quite over grown (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 2012.02.18, trip 20: David Cooke (book), Nicola Bayley, and Ross Davidson alias DC, NB, RD, 256.51 end at [at a point where the cave continues as a] pitch above lake. Started Series 30 (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls): 18th Feb 2012: D.Cooke, N.Bayley, V.Chhikara, series 30. 256 m (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 18th Feb 2012 (Saturday) Krem Khung - Cookie, Ross, Nicky … survey trip starting at 3/120 and finished at 3/134. It was again a monster passage with lots of boulder hopping and climbing. The team stopped surveying at a 12 m pitch overlooking a 40 m long lake with the stream entering at the far end, a ery picturesque spot. Above, there is a passage in the roof that will require an impressive bolt traverse to reach. Series 30 was started (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc). 2012.02.18, trip 21: Mark E. Tringham, Vijay Chhikara, and Rudolf 'Rudi' Weissmair alias MT, VC, RW, 278.44, West branch ends at [sic! qua: leads to] avens (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls): 18th Feb 2012: V.Chhikara, M.Tringham, R.Weissmair, West Branch, 278 m (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 2012.02.21, trip 22: Rudolf 'Rudi' Weissmaier and Peter Ludwig select a proper place to set up … limestone tablets. They found the best place close to the entrance of Krem Khung, about 30 m south of the entrance. They buried four samples and installed another four on the surface of a limestone rock (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc, Tuesday). 2012.02.21, trip 23: Ross Davidson (book), Oaa Chachula, and Vijay Chhikara alias RD, OC, VC, 234.64 Sidepassages off S.3 (anonymous Brooks, S J 2012.06.23 undated Mss: Meghalaya 2012 Survey Summary Kopli.xls): 21st Feb 2012: R.Davidson, D.Cooke, O.Chachula, Sidepassages, 235 m (Arbenz, T 2012.04.16 Mss: Krem Khung 9.2.2012 New Cave 21stFeb.2012). 21st February 2012 (Tuesday) … Oana, Ross and Vijay … could not miss the last surveying for this year in Krem Khung. The challenge was to get 174 m more to push Krem Khung over the 5 km mark. Their leads were attached to passage 16. First they finished series 31 off series 14, were Oana found plenty of bat bones and after a promising gallery they were stopped by a big boulder. They found a continuing passage on the right, but very soon it was choked. However, 100 m were already on the tally. They returned to passage 16 and started series 33 station, which was again a promising river bed with three ways on. Again, after a few stations they came to a crawl in water, which was pushed to te very limit. At the end of this trip they surveyed a very small passage left in the first chamber of the cave (series 35) for another 50 m. As soon as the team got out, completely wet and cold, they celebrated the 5 km of Krem Khung with beer that Ross had thoughtfully brought with him (anonymous Arbenz, T et al. 2013.08.07 Diary 2012.doc), Tuesday. 2012.03, notrip: Ross Davidson arrived at understanding that several photographic trips were done (DAVIDSON, Ross 2012). 2013.02.07, trip 24: Simon J Brooks, David 'Cookie' Cooke, a certain Robin (Robin F. Sheen) and Oana Chachula were taken by a motorised vehicle … to the parking point overlooking Um Pioyt [sic! qua: Um Pyoit], to the parking point overlooking Um Pioyt Valley. Walked down to the entrance in 30 min. Proceeded to the un-pushed leads in the vicinity of Toad Hall. Surveyed Toblerone (sp?) Passage for 140 m to a fine 42 m high aven (Series 18). Side passage at the start of this series reconnected with the main passage (seies 19). A small lead by station 15/19 yielded 8 m of low crawl to a choke. A quick reconnaissance of the remaining unexplored leads confirmed a return was needed, after which the team made an uneventful exit from the cave. A 30 minute walk back up the ridge to meet the waiting Marissa and 45 minute drive back to camp (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary 7th February, Thursday). 2013.02.08, trip 25: Cookie, Rob and Nick progressed to the current end of the [known part of the] cave, the 12 m pitch overlooking the lake (Station 3/134). Rob rigged the pitch from a natural thread at the base of a free climbable chimney with an 8 m ladder reaching the edge of the lake. Nick swam the lake first, with Cookie following, to the beach at the far end with a small stream flowing into the lake. The lake must be a sump since there are no visible exits. After shooting the first leg of the survey across the lake (35 m) Rob joined the others at the beach. A climb up of few metres gained a perched sump. The chamber walls were covered in mud and flood debris. The options for a bypass were investigated. The first possibility closed down but not without some drama. Rob slipped down a climb and then found he needed assistance, some might say rescuing, for the return [note 8]. In the second an improbable hands and knees tube lead to a low and high windows over the lake, it also lead to a second smaller parallel lake 7 m below. No continuation could be seen and there was no draught but the climb would need to be descended to be sure there was no way on. It was time to return to rendezvous with the other party. Rob and Nick took the opportunity to leap from the low window into the lake (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary 8th February, Friday). 2013.02.08, trip 26: Simon, Robin, Urs and Adrian made their way back down the main passage to the junction and into Old Father Time Series. The 9 m pot was located and one bolt was paced at the lip, a back-up belay in the passage leading to the pot and from these a ladder and lifeline was rigged down the pot. The team then descended in to the pot to find two ways on. An upstream joint controlled passage leading to the NW and a similar down stream passage leading to SE. The initially small passage became gradually large as the team surveyed down stream to reach a point where it divided into two. The direct continuation being a deep pool beyond which the sound of a waterfall could be heard whilst the second passage also continued at 90 degree from the first in a passage some 2.5 m wide by 6-7 m high. 146.54 m of passage [sic! qua: survey length] surveyed. The team then returned to the junction where they met Rob, Cookie and nick and then all made an uneventful exit from the cave, apart from Urs who cut his hand on a sharp flake. Rob assisted by Simon and Cookie took photographs on the way out (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary 8th ebruary, Friday). 2013.02.10, trip 27: Simon J Brooks, Mark E Tringham, Nicola 'Nick' Tringham and David 'Cookie' Cook continued pushing on the the Left Hand Branch series 60, heading in a downstream direction. They found a good size (3 m x 5 m) stream passage heading SE but had to stop after less than 150 m due to deep water, which requires wet suits and buoyancy aids. Additionally, three side passages were explored and surveyed. The one heading upstream had two further tributaries but this again came to a point where deep water requires buoyancy aids. Some photos were taken here by Simon. A dryer side passage on the left was fully explored for about 100 m and this comprised a small very muddy twisting passage, ‘Sludge Horror’. It terminated at a choke of sludge but with a small side passage on the left leading to a drafting aven. An exit was made after 8 1/2 hours underground (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary: 10th February, Sunday). 2013.0.12, trip 28: Simon J. Brooks, Mark E. Tringham, David 'Cookie' Cook and Nicholas 'Nick' Tringham were taken to the Khung drop off point where they walked down to arrive at the cave for 11 am. The team made steady progress to the pitch and down to the gour ramp where they changed into the wetsuits and buoyancy aids. They continued surveying downstream in fine passage that involved both wading and swimming. After ca. 200 m the passage terminated in a sumped area. Simon climbed into a higher level side passage that connected to another lake chamber that on reflection was believed to be the side chamber of Lake Khung. The team then made their way back to the gour ramp and surveyed the passage leading from this. This connected into another known side passage via some swimming sections. A small dry side passage was surveyed for 150 m and continues. The team then began surveying the final remaining side passage this continued in fine style for ca. 300 m to a point where a problem beween the DistoX and the PDA brought a halt to the exploration. This passage is very much ongoing. The team then returned to the gour ramp, changed, ascended the pitch and made a steady exit from the cave (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary: 12th February, Tuesday). 2013.02.14, trip 29: Mark, Nick and Cookie found and explored a wet side passage branching off right from the main route near station 3/105 which had not been noticed previously. This headed down-stream to the ENE. A generally wet series was followed with multiple side passages and this finally joined series 61 which had been explored two days previously. Around 341 m was surveyed with series 54 to 56, taking about 4 hours immersed the in cold water (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary: 14th February, Thursday).2013.02.14, trip 30: Simon, Rob surveyed 296 m (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary: 14th February, Thursday). 2013.02.5, trip 31: Thomas escorted Khlur [Khlur Mukhim] to Khung inlet, knowing that there was a great variety of cave fauna to be found. After about 30 minutes they arrived and Khlur set up his field lab while Thomas went scouting for cave life forms in the different pools along the passage … Finding out the Khlur was still at work, Thomas went a bit further down the main passage and surveyed an “undercut” oxbow, which linked to the squeeze and swim in the first boulder choke. 74m were surveyed along a low passage which mostly required swimming. Then Thomas went back to Khlur and found him ready to pack up (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary: 15th February, Friday). 2013.02.15, trip 32: Simon J Brooks, David 'Cookie' Cooke, and Nicholas 'Nick' Tringham … continue surveying the network of passages branching off the main route near station 3/105 which had been started on the 14th. The trip was going well until Nick slipped and sprained his ankle a shor distance beyond the junction with Old Father Time. There was no choice but to return. Nick gritted his teeth and steady progress out was made. On meeting Thomas, Thomas continued out with Nick, Simon and Cookie returned to start surveying. Series 80 to 87 were surveyed for a total of 192 m. Many leads remain. The area is a pleasant network of clean washed passages with occasional gour dams. A buoyancy aid is required now and then (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary: 15th February, Friday). 2013.02.19, trip 32: Mark E Tringham and a certain 'Adi' (either Adrian 'Adi' Albuica or Adam 'Adi' Costica) pushed two boulder chokes at the far end of the cave and used a ladder to descent a pot all of which did not go. 43.6 m of passage [sic! qua: survey length] surveyed in a small inlet series near to Welcome Junction. Took photographs of Boulder Bridges on way out of cave (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary: 19th Febuary, Tuesday). 2013.02.19, trip 32: Simon J Brooks, David 'Cookie' Cooke and Oana Chachula spent day surveying the remaining un-explored leads in the lower wet section of the cave. 331 m of passage [ sic! qua: survey length] surveyed. The passage was labyrintic and connected other passages. At the end of the exploration, the passage continued in a very tight way and crawling trough the water. Oana being first went in for a longer distance, but found it not worth for the entire team. On exiting from the cave Oana stayed to assist Mark and Adi with photography whilst Simon and Cookie exited from the cave pausing to check out a possible high level passage in the vicinity of the first boulder choke. This proved to be a boulder ramp leading up to a very unstable area (anonymous Arbenz, T 2013.08.07 Mss: Meghalaya Expedition 2013 Diary: 19th February, Tuesday). Herbert Daniel Gebauer - 06/01/2018

Caves nearby

Distance (km)	Name	Length (m)	Depth (m)
0.3	SYNGKRANG (Krem)
0.9	RUCHA NO CAVE OF NOTE
1.0	UMTHYMMAI, Shnong Ryngkoh (Pung)
1.1	RUCHA OLD MINE
1.2	SDIANG, Larket (Krem)
1.2	SAPIENG, Larket (Krem)
1.2	SKONG, Larket (Krem)
1.2	SIEJ NGAP, Larket (Krem)
1.4	RUCHA FIRST LIZARD CAVE, 2nd