UMSYNRANG (Krem)
25.220600,92.359400
Description
The only known cave entrance, which formerly was (at least between 1997 and 1999) a near vertical slot at the base of a north-west facing sandstone cliff (with rat-hole adits of low coal mines along the basal bedding plane), no more gives but once gave access to a true system of cave passages. This cave system combines 1st) a "muddyfied" upper level of cave passages characterised by breakdown covered floors beneath a typically horizontal cave ceiling exposing the underside of Lakadong Sandstone marked with a discontinuous interbed exposing shale, marl and coal. 2nd) an abandoned semi-relic branch (dubbed Muddy Waters) at a lower level, which used to drain southwards (most likely heading for Synrang –>Pamiang) and nowadays contains plenty of secondary calcite and aragonite formations (speleothems), stalactites and stalagmites, gypsum flowers and other deposits (note 1). 3rd) an active stream cave passage (Boring River) with tributary lateral cave passages at a lower level, which drains in a direction almost opposite to the Muddy Waters, namely east or north-east and thus towards the valley of the Mynkre (note 2). ETYMOLOGY: It is tempting to assume that Krem Umsynrang, literally water's home cave, got it's name from the source of "um" or water, which rises just above the cave entrance and disappears only a few metres lower down into the "synrang" or »coping of a rock« and »cave« (note 3). SITUATION: A short walk north of the road (note 4) leading from Chiehruphi (note 5) northwest towards Musianglamare (note 6) and at the base of a jungle-clad doline (or, perhaps, the head of a jungle-clad gorge) at the edge of the Musianglamare "ri phlang" (grass land) where the locally exposed caprock of Lakadong Sandstone caved into the underlying Lakadong Limestone.APPROACH: Leave the road a few hundred metres short of Musianglamare and proceed on foot north and a little uphill across grassland, and proceed past what had been between 1996 and 2013 coal miners' huts to the edge of the forest. A footpath leads from the edge of a jungle-clad doline and past a source of water (a little off to the right in the north-east) and convenient washing place down to a piece of level ground at the base of a north-west facing sandstone cliff.The spring of water (in February 1997 with an an estimated flow of 2 or 3 litres per second) issues from an about one metre thick intercalation of limestone in the sandstone caprock and falls down into the currently boulder blocked cave entrance (note 7). Currently (spring 2015) there is no alternative cave entrance known but an unidentified route through unsearched gaps between boulders in Synrang –>Pamiang seems likely. Additionally, there are two unexplored –>Chiehruphi Sinks which may allow one or the other feasible access.CAVE DESCRIPTION 1999: Undermined by coal miners, who had scooped "ratholes" into the base of the overlaying Lakadong Sandstone, several hundred metric tons of boulders fell off the cliff face and blocked (some time between 2006.03.19 and 2007.03.02) what had been the nearly vertical but free climbable gash used as the obvious cave entrance (note 8) when surveying Krem Umsynrang in the course of 12 daytrips between 1997.02.25 and 1999.02.22. Nowadays, it takes some searching and much wriggling to find a penetrable route down into the UPPER RELIC LEVEL of the cave, which begins with an assortment of unattractive lobbies with no apparent way on. Keeping towards east, and crawling northeast across inconvenient fallen boulders into the far back of a wide but low niche, one finds (or not) an inconspicuous and well-hidden POP UP HOLE, which penetrates the ceiling and allows to pop up in a spacious collapse passage littered with lots of angular blocks. This part of the cave was both quickly and easily christened »Sammy Dodgers Chamber» (Brooks, S J personal communication) due to flat and wide but mouth-watering coloured stalagmites resembling jam-filled of dodgers (note 9). Proceeding uphill towards west, one gains an about 10 m wide and 3 m high cave gallery with an almost level floor covered with sandy mud. Keeping due west and watching out for a smallish tube (on average 1.2 m large) off to the north one eventually reaches an easy 2 m climb down (due to mud impossible to get back up again) requiring a 2 m ladder plus 2 m tether (natural belays). Encountered soon after is a difficult looking but easy 6 m or, in cases, 8 m climb down into the LOWER RELIC LEVEL, which on average some 10 m wide and high, with several climbs down into the active stream cave (Boring River). The relic cave passage (3 m wide, 15 m high), called »Fossil Series» by expedition cavers, keeps on heading south, initially richly decorated with secondary calcite formations, including cream coloured botryoidal concretions alternating with polished looking, lively rust-red calcite formations, both submerged in water as clear as glass, and demonstrating realms of colourful coral gardens thriving in world of alien mineral life. Red and grey coloured flowstones hug the outlines of the walls unless these are covered with glittering crystals. Delicate rimstone pools suggest to consider careful crossings. The character of this cave passage changes, unfortunately, when the solid calcite floor disappears beneath a waist-deep slough of glutinous, red coloured sludge (note 10) of SNOW-SHOE PASSAGE. It is here that progress becomes a function of how far one can proceed while sticking to cave walls. Beyond numerous meanders a tremendous stalactite collapse had occurred and then one enters a nice but low calcite chamber, immediately followed by another call into the deep slurry (MUDDY WATERS), which now, though not requested, is spiced with decomposing carcasses of bats beyond repair.Eventually, some 2000 m from the cave entrance and mere 200 m (as the elephant-headed Ganesha travels rock: in a direct line) from the neighbouring Synrang Pamiang, the passage abuts against a difficult, overhanging 4 m climb up to the top of a collapse (Tom Chapman took a rope up there on 10th February 1999), which itself is topped with a much luring 1.5 m diameter hole (note 11) another 3 m or 4 m higher up in a relentless ceiling mercifully inclined to all cavers with less than 5 m in body length. BORING RIVER (on average 6 m wide and 3 m high), initially draining eastwards and later towards north-east, meanders more or less vertically below the dry gallery some 5 m higher up. One tributary deteriorates into crawling passages but several other lateral cave passages, many just short-circuited meander loops, were not pushed to a conclusion (note 12). At about 1'500 m from the cave entrance, the Dead Crab Inlet, a spacious tributary passage complete with an upper, relic cave passage abandoned by flowing water (note 13), joins the Boring River and the cross section gets keyhole shaped: The elder, upper part is on average 7 m wide and 4 m high while the 3 m wide stream passage is incised by 4 m. At circa 1'800 m the top of a 3 m water fall is reached and the passage is now some 12 m high. Somewhere the old, upper part is lost (exclamation mark followed by a question mark) and the Boring River gets wider and lower, soon developing into a crawl, while all kinds of creepy crawlies indicate that open air threatens and an unidentified cave entrance could be near. Struggling against the faint air current leads into a collapse chamber in sandstone with no obvious way on (note 13). CAVE CLIMATE: A data logger installed by S. Breitenbach (2007.03.13, 2009.03.15 personal communications) recorded between 2006.03.19 and 2008.08 air temperatures ranging between 19.5 and 21.5°C. On 2007.03.02: Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach and Norbert Marwan (Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam), measured on the stal-studded soil ramps above the shores of Boring River on date time SB logger Marwan logger rel. humidity2007.03.02 12h25 19.9°C air 20.2°C air 82% 2007.03.02 13h10 19.8“C air 20.1°C air 85%2007.03.02 13h45 19.7°C air — 86% 2007.03.13 10h23 21.7°C air 77% 2007.03.13 10h40 20.8°C air 79% 2007.03.13 10h51 20.1°C air 83% 2007.03.13 11h03 20.0°C air 84% and on the shores of Boring River: 2007.03.02 13h30 6.69 pH (±0.2) 18.8°C water 336 - 337 µS 2007.03.13 10h51 6.37 pH 18.8°C water 341 µS.
NOTE 1: The base of one of the speleothems, an active stalagmite about 1.85 m tall (collected 2006.03.19 near near survey station 22/7) was dated to 11'000 years before present (Breitenbach, S F M 2006.09.07 personal correspondence). »Auf jeden Fall kann ich dir schon sagen, das die Steine aus KREM Umsynrang sich als richtig tolle Klimaaufzeichner betätigt haben. Und immer mehr wird von mir rausgekitzelt.« (Breitenbach, S F M 2008.04.11 personal correspondence: Re Central, United & Arunachal Tropfstein). »Stalagmites KRUM-1 (~185 cm long) and KRUM-3 (~64 cm long) were both wet when collected, hence presumably actively growing. Both stalagmites are composed of aragonite, revealed by micro X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Several other stalagmite samples were collected, but most contain too few uranium to be dated accurately. Sample KRUM-1 grew on a sandy-clayey terrace remnant, while KRUM-3 grew ~4 m apart on limestone host rock« (BREITENBACH, S F M 2010: 8-9, figures 1.3, 1.4). NOTE 2: Mynkre, from from the Synteng Khasi (Pnar) "ka myn" (noun), pronounced ”ka myng”, the same as the standard Khasi ”ka um”, a river, as ”mynkhen" for "umkheng” (SINGH, N 1906: 135), perhaps combined with "krei" (Khasi; verb, transitive) to scatter (SINGH, N 1906: 46); bestrew, scatter (SINGH, N 1920: 44, 455). NOTE 3: ka synrang (Khasi, noun) has not only been translated as »the coping of a rock or cave« (SINGH, N 1906: 216) or »cave« (SINGH, N 1920: 63) and »refuge« (SINGH, N 1920: 428) but also as »nest« (BLAH, E 2007: 198). The word seems to signify an inhabitable cave, rock shelter or den, especially the "hole" or lair of an animal and the hideout of a "runaway" (fairy, freedom fighter, hermit, king, madman, robber, terrorist, etc.). NOTE 4: The road from Chiehruphi to Musianglamare had been recently hard-topped in March 2006 and merely the first 50 m (or so) were already then seriously potholed. To reach the site, one had to take a dirt-track, that left the metalled road short of Musianglamare to the right and lead uphill to a coal-miners settlement (one hut in 1999 and about 25 huts in March 2006) above the doline and cave entrance. NOTE 5: Chiehruphi 25°12'36”N: 92°22'22”E: 920 m asl (WGS84) on the National Highway NH44 from Shillong via Jowai to Agartala in Tripura State. NOTE 6: Musianglamare, old church, near (±32 m) 25°13'21”N: 92°21'26”E: 830 m asl (Gebauer, H D, unreliable 4-channel GPS Garmin 12) and an unidentified point 70 m further SSE near (±60 m) 25°13'19”N: 92°21'27”E (Chandler, I E undated March 1998 GPS reading). NOTE 7: The sinking water had inconveniently sprinkled passing cave visitors, but the rising served convenient after-trip washing. The source had fallen dry on 2007.03.02. NOTE 8: An early version of the cave entrance description reads »Following the trickle of water (an estimated 2 or 3 ltr/sec in February), which soon falls into the underlying Lakadong Limestone, one clambers some 6 m or 8 m down, initially through gaps between dislocated boulders and later across an unsafe climb (slippery and, in cases, providing convenient but friable holds) down into the UPPER RELIC LEVEL of the cave …« NOTE 9: jammy (adjective, -mier , -miest) »covered with, filled with, or resembling jam« + dodger (noun) »1 (often with adj.) a person who engages in cunning tricks or dishonest practices to avoid something unpleasant : tax dodgers. 2 Nautical a canvas screen on a ship giving protection from spray. 3 a small handbill or leaflet. 4 corn dodger (noun) a small, hard fried or baked cornmeal cake; a boiled cornmeal dumpling« (Oxford Dictionary 2006). NOTE 10: sludge. When the pyrite (FeS), which occurs in underground coal deposits, comes into contact with air (oxygen) and water, it decomposes into sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and iron oxides (hydro-oxides, etc). The iron oxides cause bright orange coloured slurries and sediments (ochre, rust), whilst the sulphuric acid reduces pH (makes water acidic) and turns limestone rapidly into gypsum. NOTE 11: The ceiling hole is surmised to be easiest got at from the Synrang –>Pamiang side simply because it is impossible to drag a 4 m or 5 m long bamboo maypole in one piece into Krem Umsynrang -- the Pop Up Hole in the Upper Fossil Level allows, per adventure, 1.5 m pieces at its best. Bolting up would require at least 150 or 200 mm studs as the overhanging rock consists of obviously crab rock, which is not only thinly bedded (circa 1 mm layers) but also inclined (by 45° or so) towards the agressor beneath. NOTE 12: The leads described from Dead Crab Zufluß" (inlet) were later pushed to conclusion and yielded no remaining leads: »Doch zurück zum Zufluß (Dead Crab Inlet): Der fossile Gang verläßt den Bachgang bald wieder. Der eigentlich sehr große Gang wird durch Versturz und Lehm in mehrere Etagen geteilt und ist zu allem Überfluß noch durch Tropfstein fast verstopft (Main Muddy Passage). Kleinere Seitengänge sind noch nicht untersucht, am Umkehrpunkt ist der Lehmgang 10 m breit und 2 m hoch. Das Dead Crab Inlet verzweigt sich immer mehr und verliert mit jedem Zufluß an Wasser und an Querschnitt. Am Umkehrpunkt steht man vor drei, nur gebückt zu befahrenen Gängen« (Richard Frank 1999 Mss). NOTE 13: This tributary, the DEAD CRAB INLET proper, arrives from an all-in-all large gallery obstructed by mud banks and divided by far reaching ceiling collapses into distinct storeys, which are »needlessly stuffed with lots of speleothems [Frank 1999 Mss].« Numerous apparent main drags and side passages, which come back to each other, were found to split into smaller and even more smaller leads, which sooner or later continue as impenetrable fissures and cracks. NOTE 13: »Den Shaktiman- Autobahnen Richtung Musianglamare folgend verschwindet man kurz vor dem Aufstieg ins Dorf rechts in einer Doline. Der Pfad führt zum Waschplatz der am Rand der Doline angesiedelten Bergleute. Im Lakadong Sandstein ist eine etwa 1 m mächtige Kalkschicht eingelagert (oder sind hier schon die überlagernden Umlatdoh Kalksteine und Narpuh Sandsteine aufgeschlossen?), aus der eine Quelle austritt. Der Wasserfall versickert im unterlagernden Lakadong Kalkstein, durch Blockwerk schlüpft man in die Krem Umsynrang. Nach einem etwa 10 m tiefen, labilen Abstieg erreicht man die obere fossile Etage, ein etwa 10 m breiter und 3 m hoher Gang, der von schlüpfrigen Sandsteinblöcken, Lehm und Tropfsteinen gekennzeichnet ist. Nach kurzem Schluf folgt der Abstieg in die untere fossile Etage, ein 10 m breiter und hoher Gang mit mehreren Abstiegen zu einer aktiven Bachhöhle (Boring River). Der fossile Gang zieht 3 m breit und 15 m hoch Richtung Süden weiter. Zunächst ist der Gang prächtig geschmückt: Glasklares, stehendes Tropfwasser, durch das der dick mit elfenbeinfarbenem Knöpfchensinter und glattem, rostrotem Kalzit überzogene Boden gut sichtbar ist, vermittelt die Atmosphäre eines farbenprächtigen, aber leblosen Korallengartens. Rote und graue Tropfsteine schmiegen sich an die Konturen der Wände, wo diese nicht bereits von glitzernden Kristallen bedeckt sind. Delikate Sinterbecken wollen vorsichtig überquert werden. Leider aber ändert sich der Charakter des Ganges bald: Fester Sinterboden verwandelt sich in zähen, hüfttiefen, roten Matsch, durch den man sich mühsam an den Wänden entlanghangelnd vorwärts bewegen muß (Snowshoe Passage). Nach zahlreichen Mäandern folgt erst ein gewaltiger Stalaktitversturz und dann eine hübsche, aber niedrige Sinterkammer, mit festem weißen Kalzitboden. Doch leider heißt es sofort zurück in den tiefen Matsch, der zu allem Überfluß noch mit halb verwesten Fledermäusen gespickt ist. Über einen steilen Versturz gelangt man endlich zum diesjährigen Umkehrpunkt, ein überhängender Versturz, 2000 m vom Eingang und nur noch 300 m von der Synrang Pamiang entfernt.Der Boring River mäandriert unter dem oberen Gang, ein Zufluß verzettelt sich bald in Krabbelgängen. Dann verabschiedet sich der 6x3 m große Bachgang zuerst Richtung Osten, dann nach Nordosten. Die kleineren Seitengänge wurden nicht vollständig untersucht, oft sind es nur Umläufe. Etwa 1.500 m vom Eingang entfernt wird ein großer Zufluß mit integriertem oberen Gang erreicht und der Querschnitt wird zum Schlüssellochprofil: Oben der alte Gang, 7 m breit und 4 m hoch, unten ist der 3 m breite Flußgang 4 m tief eingeschnitten. Nach etwa 400 m wird ein 3 m tiefer Wasserfall erreicht. Der Gang ist nun 12 m hoch. Dann verschwindet der obere Gang und es wird breiter und niedriger, bald wird man zum Schlufen gezwungen. Allerlei Kleingetier deutet auf einen Ausgang hin. Der Luftzug führt in eine Sandstein-Versturzkammer ohne Möglichkeit weiterzukommen« (Frank, R 1999 Mss). NOTE 14: »Andy, Daniel and Raphael return to Krem Um Synrang [sic!] at Musianglamare and survey 840 m« (Brooks, S J in: BROOKS, S J et al 1998: 30). NOTE 15: »Andy, George and Roilang survey further 300 m in Krem Um Synrang at Musianglamare with many ongoing leads left« (Brooks, S J in: BROOKS, S J et al 1998: 30). NOTE 16: Simon J. Brooks had not only cared to create a few more private spelling versions but also draws the attention of gentlemen with a taste for long ones to the »north of Lumnsnong [sic!], in the vicinity of the village of Musianglamare« where nothing less than »significant extensions were made to Umsynrang extending it from its 1997 length of 1.7 km to a new length of 4.8 km« (BROOKS, S J 2000b: 3). In case of standing with one's feet underground instead of caving iin the abode of clouds, it was not the cave, which had been extended, but the survey. NOTE 17: It is impossible to reconstruct why JUBERTHIE et al. (2001: 1785) ascribed what had been the February 1996 survey length of –>Krem Kotsati to »Krem Um Synrang de 14 km de dévelopment.«
Documents
Bibliography 03/07/2016- Becher, Susanne Anette & Frank, Richard 1998, 1999; Breitenbach, Sebastian F 2010; Breitenbach, Sebastian F M, Kohn, Torsten & Donges, Jonathan 2009; Brooks, Simon J 1998i, 2000b; Brooks, Simon J & Gebauer, H Daniel 1998; Frank, Richard 1998; Frank, Richard & Bäumler, Georg 1998; Frank, Richard & Becher, Susanne Anette 1998a, 1998b; Frank, Richard, Jantschke, Herbert & Müller, Thilo 1999; Frank, Richard & Müller, Thilo 1999a, 1999b, 1999c; Gebauer, H D 1997b; Jarratt, Anthony 'Tony' R 1998; Juberthie, Christian, Decu, Vasile, Cazals, Monique & Lebreton, Bernard 2001; Kharpran Daly, Brian Dermot 2004, 2006 s.a.; Whitaker, Terence 'Terry' M1998; Zipfer, Severin Blasius 1998.
Histoire
EXPLORATION HISTORY: 1997.02.25, trip 1: Guided by Spindro Dkhar from Lumshnong and a certain Thy-Will-Be-Done with an ignored and therefore unidentified surname, it were the expedition adventure cavers Anthony 'Tony' R Jarratt, Andrew "Andy" Peter Tyler, Paul A. Edmunds and George "Whisky Joe" Lyngdoh, who attempted to "survey" (sports caver standards) the entrance area. They rapidly achieved a quick and easy total sum of aggregated survey leg lengths, which was on the spot regarded as a "survey" and resulted by and by in a so-called "cave survey" represented by a crude sketch without topographical features. Brooks, S J narrates this story as if »J-Rat, Andy, Spindro, George and Paul, accompanied by a local guide known as "Thy Will Be done" drive into Musianglamare village and locate a cave known as Krem Umsynrang and survey 300 m of passage« (Brooks, S J in: BROOKS, S J et al 1998: 30). Outside of caving in clouds, however, it was the guide who had located the cave entrance and was accompanied by Spindro and expedition cavers in search of long ones. 1997.02.28, trip 2: H. Daniel Gebauer (book), A. P. Tyler (compass, clinometer) and Kyrmen 'Hope' C Hiwot Passah (tape), who were photographed by Raphael Warjri (camera), commenced appropriate mapping of a kilometre of the Boring River and thereby explored some of the topographical features of the encountered cave passages (note 14). 1997.03.01, trip 3: A. P. Tyler and George 'Whisky Joe' Lyngdoh in company with Roilang Lyngdoh commenced "surveying" (sports caver standards) what they named »Fossil Series« because it is a relic cave passage (abandoned by flowing water) without any obvious fossils (note 15). 1998.03.22, trip 4: Richard Frank & Uwe Krüger pushed Boring River, Thilo Müller and Tyler continued mapping the misnamed »Fossil Series« without any obvious fossils. 1998.03.23, trip 5: R. Frank, T. Müller & Susanne Anette Becher mapped Dead Crab Inlet and pushed Boring River. 1998.03.24, trip 6: R. Frank, T. Müller and Lieut.-Col. Fairweather W. Mylliemngap mapped the so-called »Fossil Level« while Tyler and Becher sketched one »Fossil River« (formerly: Fossil Series). 1998.03.25, trip 7: R. Frank, S. A. Becher, Georg Bäumler and Gurjinder Singh mapped Gour Pool Inlet, tried to bypass the terminal sump of Boring River and surveyed Muddy Inlet. 1998.03.27, trip 8: A.P. Tyler, S. A. Becher and Ian E. Chandler pushed the mis-nomed »Fossil River« to a muddy overhang (note 16). 1999.02.10, trip 9: Tom Chapman and R. Frank, climbed the overhanging boulder in »Fossil River«.1999.02.18, trip 10: R. Frank and H. D. Gebauer wallowed 290 m in the Muddy Waters (formerly: Fossil River). 1999.02.20, trip 11: R. Frank, H. D. Gebauer and G. Bäumler added 250 m to Dead Crab Inlet.1999.02.22, trip 12: R. Frank, H. D. Gebauer and Vanlalruata were not only defeated in attempting to negotiate the blowing climb terminating the Muddy Waters and surveyed 40 m of side passages but also abandoned the cave survey for good (note 17). 2006.03.19, trip 13: Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach (GFZ Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam) in company with Brian D. Kharpran Daly and H. D. Gebauer, deposited a data logger (recording air temperature and humidity), photographed and collected a stalagmite (near station 22/7) of which the base was later dated to 11'000 years BP (Breitenbach, S F M 2006.09.07 personal correspondence). 2007.03.02, trip 14: Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach, Norbert Marwan (GFZ) and H. D. Gebauer, found one half of the cave entrance to Krem Umsynrang blocked by an estimated 4 t (±1000 kg) by gravitationally dislocated rocks, which had fallen from the cliff above (where another precariously leaning and already detached pile of about 10 cubic metres or 25 t was ready to tumble down) and the other half buried under agglomerated twigs and leaves from a recently felled tree. Breitenbach and Marwan found a penetrable route, entered, collected the temperature logger, which had been installed the previous year, and attempted to collect drip water samples, took measurements (air temperature, relative humidity, water temperature, conductivity) and digital photographs inside the cave and subsequently out of it. At the same time, Gebauer carried out a special actvities in the course of which a series of high velocity digestion events alternated with processes of slow speed sleeping. 2007.03.13, trip 15: S. F. M. Breitenbach entered Krem Umsynrang on his own to measure temperatures, relative humidity and electrical conductivity, to collect water samples, and to leave a temperature logger on the stal-studded soil ramps above the Boring River. 2009.02.15, trip 16: Thomas Arbenz (school teacher, Switzerland) and Karma Choki Bhutia (Leading Store Assistant, Indian Navy), in this case guided by Brian D. Kharpran Daly, collected survey data for altogether 18 survey stations and achieved an aggregatred survey length of 137.77 m when they commenced to resurvey one segment of the entrance area and never returned (N.N. in: Brooks, S J et al. 2009 Mss "Diary 2009.doc" Sunday 15th February). 2009.02.15, trip 17: Brian D. Kharpran Daly, Peter Ludwig and Torben Redder retrieved the data loggers, which Dr. S.F.M. Breitenbach had installed, caused a full year's data gap, and also collected not only a few water samples from dripping ceiling inlets but also from the cave stream: »Fortunately, they managed to get into the cave via a small opening on one side of the debris. Peter, Torben and Brian went ahead to retrieve the two data loggers, … while Thomas and Karma did a resurvey of the entrance series. The last station was labeled [sic!] 1/18 and marked by a cairn« (anonymous Arbenz, T in: Brooks, S J et al. 2009 Mss "Diary 2009.doc" Sunday 15th February). 2009.04.06-19 (between), trip 18: Sebastian F M Breitenbach and Jonathan Donges (both of the PIK or Potsdam Institut für Klimaforschung), Torsten Kohn and Till Kohn (Speleo Club Berlin) measured climate data (air temperatures, drip rates), installed additional data loggers, and resurveyed (2009.04.15) parts of little known corners in the south-west (BREITENBACH, S F M et al 2009). 2014.03.16, trip 19: Dr. Breitenbach gave up monitoring cave climate in Krem Umsynrang because the only known but much collapsed cave entrance deteriorates more and more, is probably soon impenetrable, and future accessibility unlikely: »In Umsynrang habe ich das Monitoring aufgegeben, der Eingang wächst mehr und mehr zu und ich bin nicht sicher, ob wir nächstes Jahr noch wieder reinkönnen.« (Breitenbach, S F M 2014.03.16 personal correspondence).
Cavités proche
| Distance (km) | Nom | Longueur (m) | Profondeur (m) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.3 | UM SUWE (Krem) | ||
| 0.3 | UMRIANG, Musianglamare (Krem) | ||
| 0.3 | PONGING (Krem) | ||
| 0.3 | SAPATI (Krem) | ||
| 0.4 | PDIENG SA LAH (Krem) | ||
| 0.9 | PAMIANG (Synrang) | ||
| 0.9 | CHIEHRUPHI SINK, 1st | ||
| 0.9 | CHIEHRUPHI SINK, 2nd | ||
| 1.0 | MUSIANGLAMARE SINGLE CHAMBER CAVE |